Both the Old and New Testaments make clear that wisdom is of two basic kinds, the wisdom of man and the wisdom of God, the wisdom from below and the wisdom from above. James offers wisdom as still another test of living by faith. The kind of wisdom a person possesses will be revealed by the kind of life he lives (vs. 13). Those who are controlled by the wisdom of man will demonstrate by their lives that they have no submission to the Holy Spirit, but rather are motivated by their own selfish agendas. Those, on the other hand, who possess the wisdom of God, will manifest the character of God and the fruit of the Spirit, the marks of true spiritual maturity (vs. 17-18).